Lifeboat free essay sample

As the music filled my ears with Joy I could feel just the rapture I was In. Maybe nothing else on the planet made a difference. The world could end and I wouldnt care. I could feel the magnificence of the sound of Christian music In my heart It Inspired me so that nobody else could see ever the manner in which I feel. I was wonderful, the world was lovely, most likely as delightful as the manner in which I feel. At that point the world got very, I got very. This was the first occasion when I can say I genuinely heard music. My name is Sally, similar to a debris tree glade. I was the young lady who was strolling the rang path.I was isolated from my family when I was five and came here to the United States. My mother had gotten hitched, while I treaded carefully father beat her and whore her, years cruises by. We will compose a custom paper test on Raft or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page John his child, a tall, beast like who took my pride and that young lady I was. Living in a sanctuary for a considerable length of time, I was discouraged, lost, befuddled and took the hands of an inappropriate people to support me. Where it counts I had confidence when I heard the expression of God through music. The primary second I put on my earphones and squeezed play on my Pod. The tune playing was One thing remains y Kristin Standstill each word became Imprinted Into my memory.I realized what was absent from my empty life. It sensed that It was a totally different world and I at last opened my eyes and Just ventured Into this world that as great and everything else around me lost its significance while I became mixed up in its daze. It was an inclination that just took everything that wasn't right, failed, confounding, and agonizing within me and changed it into something that I knew just because was correct. The torment was still there however I discovered a way modify keep these appalling inquiries that brought me so much agony each time I heard Are you K? ND Do you need talk? I realized that there was something incorrectly yet to every other person I Just appeared another calm child who Just didnt have companions and possibly I was, I genuinely dont even know. I felt as long as I had music to keep myself from the fall to pieces button, that I would discover some type of satisfaction regardless of how little It was. Music to me wasnt Just a type of alleviation, It was a path for me to communicate something anything possibly not to others however to myself with the goal that I realized I had some kind of feeling and that I was even normal.It is my life pontoon. I adhered to Christian music as though it was the key for me to make it in this world and it worked. It kept me dry till one day a tropical storm came and nearly suffocated me and in this fierce tempest and I lost my direction. I quit following the music and I surmise some place along the line I took the my ways back and fell into this horrendous hellhole and went excessively far down. One day I woke up and asked myself who am l? I realized that I needed to have trust and follow the expression of God and inspire me and transform me and guide me.Here in this world I understood that Christian music would have been ready to be my life behind I glanced around and found that this reflects was my inspiration, my quality, and would advise me not to surrender. I was appreciative that I did, I flipped over my raft and Just kept on walking around. As the days, weeks, months, and years went on that I talked and increased new companions, I found that my life was turning out to be less and less required as individuals were at long last beginning to acknowledge me for me. The obscurity and torment however now I realize that I have something other than my music and raft since when another tempest comes, I have other peopl e who can enable me to endure.

Financial Aid Is An Important For College students Essay

As we probably am aware College costs are rising. In any case, Future understudies ought not be apprehensive in light of the fact that there is increasingly monetary guide accessible, for example, grants, awards, work-study projects, and school advances for understudies. Monetary guide is cash as credits, awards and business that is accessible to an understudy to help pay the expense of joining in. Money related guide originates from the central government, which is the biggest supplier of help, just as state government. You ought to apply for monetary guide utilizing the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). You should apply for budgetary guide each year by finishing a FAFSA. Numerous budgetary guide programs have restricted financing, consequently early application is suggested. Application ought to be finished in any event one month before the semester you are intending to join in. On the off chance that you apply for subsidizing late, you will get your financing late. Monetary guide is one of the most significance issue for understudies to process going to College, and the initial step what understudy face for going to courses. Have you at any point discovered an answer for your concern? I think might be this budgetary guide issue is a significant for you. How would you beat these things? Is it the most concerning issue confronting undergrads today. By what means can be settled it? There is a developing number of more established understudies entering school today. These understudies have families that they have to help. I know, since I am a family man who has come back to class. I wish to complete my degree at Midlands Tech College. The main issues I face are money related in nature. It is in view of this that I set about this exploration. Is budgetary guide accessible to more seasoned understudies, and assuming this is the case, how would they approach getting it? Most normal issue I discovered was cash, Tuition costs are continually being raised at high rates. Furthermore, that’s not includingâ other costs like eating out, shopping trips, gas for the vehicle, and the cost of reading material. I discovered College understudies drop out of school every year since they can't bear the cost of it. Others are compelled to offsetting full timetables with all day occupations to make end. It is getting more diligently for understudies to graduate. A Way to ta ke care of this issue is by helping understudies look for more assistance monetarily having consolers give understudies little grants or assist them with searching for such things can help decrease the measures of understudies that drop out of school.

The Land of Opportunities COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

The Land of Opportunities COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Any given week at SIPA is a special week. From government leaders to NGO managers and social entrepreneurs, our beloved building is bustling with fascinating talks and events lead by some of the most talented people out there. Ideas ran across the hallways, bringing students together to do research on projects going from extractive industries in Peru, to water and sanitation services in rural Ethiopia or micro-finance in Northeastern Brazil. The most amazing part of this reality is that the vast majority of these initiatives are student led. SIPA is a place where you can thrive and do what you have always wanted to. If you have good ideas, good teammates and commitment, the school has the structure to make it happen. Faculty members are available to provide guidance and advice on research projects; the different student associations are there to support all sorts of field trips and events; and the overall environment at the school is incredibly stimulating. Just this semester I have had the opportunity to take part on small discussion sessions with some of Latin America’s leading policy-makers including Sergio Fajardo, Antioquia’s current Governor; Alejandro Poiré, Mexico’s current Government Secretary; and Karen Poniachik, former Chilean Minister of Mining. And because the day can only have 24 hours I have had to miss events such as a talk with the President of the Republic of Liberia, the presentation of the World Bank 2013 World Development Report, and several film screenings, photo exhibits and workshops. With this exhilarating offer of events, something that you will be missing here is some extra time to fit more of these opportunities in your agenda. SIPA is a fast moving, intellectually challenging place with an international, public and cultural offer that will not let you down. There are also the endless concerts, exhibitions and bars in New York City; prepare yourself for some busy days in this wonderful island! So, for those of you who will be joining us in January, get some rest and be ready to take advantage of the amazing two years to come. Those of you currently preparing your application for fall 2013, hang in there, it will be worth it. Blog post submitted by Mariana Costa Checa.   Mariana is a second year student in the MPA in Development Practice program at SIPA.

Wait-Time is Think-Time in the Secondary Classroom

The Management Of Mental Health Disorders - 855 Words

Psychiatry and psychology work together in treating and diagnosing mental disorders. Mental illness’ include abnormalities in the emotional, mental, and behavioral areas of an individual’s life. Mental disorders are diagnosed by the outlined criteria, in approved diagnostic manuals. The management of mental health disorders involves a combination therapy of drugs and psychotherapy such as electroconvulsive therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy as well as others, depending on the disease. The treatment can be outpatient or inpatient depending on the disease severity. Some patients or their family may question the effect of the treatment they receive, like medicine, because of the constant change of therapy plans and modifications in prescription. Although some treatments have been questioned on their effectiveness, psychotherapy has a positive outcome in patients. There is much thought around psychiatry with people questioning the efficiency of the psychiatric treatment and others arguing that mental disorders do not exist. Individuals with anti-psychiatric views claim that the treatments that are used for mental illnesses are ineffective, unsafe, unnecessary, and are not any helpful to the patients. Questions have arisen that psychiatry hand out medicine freely and that certain measures used in the treatment of mental illnesses like lobotomy, an operation that disconnects connections in the front of the brain, and electro-convulsion that send electric currents to createShow MoreRelatedIn The Last 100 Years There Were Major Challenges In The1688 Words   |  7 Pagesfield of mental health in regards to a lack of international consensus on diagnostic categories for mental disorders between the most used manuals the (ICD) international classification of diseases and (DSM) diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders which are still elusive until now and still struggle to fulfil its purpose (Hickie, Scott McGorry, 2013) as both of them depends on observation of mainly middle-aged people with persistent mental disorders although most mental illnessesRead MoreHospitals And Mental Health Facilities809 Words   |  4 Pagesfacilities whether hospitals or mental health facilities. The amount of patients, employees, doctors, treatment, and services are makes the mental health services important in every way. The goals for both of these facilities are to provide outstanding services and patient care to people of mental and behavioral issues. The private mental health service facility from Montgomery County, PA is Central Montgomery Mental Health Mental Retardation Center and the public mental health center is Belmont BehavioralRead MoreRaising Awareness And Management Of Mental Health925 Words   |  4 Pages SCHOOL NURSES: RAISING AWARENESS AND MANAGEMENT OF MENTAL HEALTH IN SCHOOL CHILDREN AGES 7-17YEARS LINDA KALLE STRATFORD UNIVERSITY â€Æ' Abstract The center for disease control describes mental disorders among children as serious changes in the ways children learn, behave, or handle their emotions. (CDC.gov). Mental health is an important part of overall health; it is a public health issue for which teachers, family members, healthcare professionals such as school nurses work closely together to raiseRead MoreFamily Support : The Treatment Of Mental Disorders874 Words   |  4 Pageselement in the treatment of mental disorders. Family member can be an important source for information, support, and guidance. Many cases of mental disorders are not diagnosed and untreated due to lack of knowledge and negative attitudes toward mental illness. When mental health patients vulnerable their family may be the best option for basic care. Other options may be group home of mental institution. In some cases the family may take on the financial needs of mental health patients. This is due toRead MoreEssay On Mental Health Treatment Progr am1560 Words   |  7 PagesProgram Structure This Mental Health treatment program and/ or organization focus on co-occurring diagnosis and structures to develop co-occurring disorder treatment services. This program is a non-profit, privately owned organization. It provides social services in Miami, FL. This mental health treatment program and organization will provide comprehensive behavioral healthcare to homeless women who have severe, persistent mental illness, or with co-occurring substance abuse and mental illness’. The organizationsRead MoreHealth Promotion Of Mental Health756 Words   |  4 PagesReading and reflecting on the assigned articles for the week, urged me to consider health promotion in mental health (MH). Specifically how the Social Cognitive approach (SCT) is applied to programs in the field of mental health. It appears that SCT has been extensively applied to physiological health promotion (Bandura, 2004) more so than that of mental health disorders and problems. Although there may be less inquiry into behaviour changes in MH, stigma (individual and collective) in MH has beenRead MoreThe Federal Substances Abuse And Mental Health874 Words   |  4 PagesIs essential to attain and improve of the mental health in population. Because mental disorder is dependable for a high degree of burden, it is fundamental that efficient preventive and promotional actions be taken in mental health to decrease the impact of mental disorders on the residents and communities. Over all, mental health assistances focusing on the strategy prevents the illness itself to mainly treatments and recovery centers which varies primary, secondary, and tertiary and depends onRead MoreThe Importance Of Teamwork And Health Care1409 Words   |  6 Pagespatients’ care includes active participation by all health care professionals working interdependently in accordance to the patient’s preferences, values and beliefs. The health care team accomplishes the goal of meeting the patient’s med ical needs by delivering evidence-based practice.  Ã‚   To deliver quality care, the patient should always be involved. Maintaining organized, evidence-based practices that is age sensitive is also a priority.   As a health care provider in a college campus, it is importantRead MorePrisoners with Special Needs1118 Words   |  5 PagesMay 30, 2016 Sherri Webster Special needs, mentally ill, and substance-abusing prisoners affect the jail and prison systems at a state and federal level in a multitude of ways. One of the main issues within prisons is the fact that their mental health services can be seriously inadequate and lacking the proper staffing, all while operating in facilities that are not equipped to handle such prisoners, on top of a limited amount of programs to even help these prisoners with their problems. IfRead MoreThe Agency I Am Doing My Practicum Hours At Is A Nonprofit1208 Words   |  5 Pagesagency I am doing my practicum hours at is a nonprofit mental health agency that serves over 800 adults with mental illness across 28 locations in the Portland Metro Area. Their comprehensive support system includes outpatient clinics, group homes, semi-independent housing, homeless outreach, and peer-delivered programs. I focus on the care of adults, age 18 and over, with serious mental illness, such as Psychotic disorders Mood di sorders in one of the residential settings. Within the home, we

Racial Discrimination Free Essays

Seminar on Peace Education A Research Paper on Racial Discrimination Racism takes many forms. In general, it is a belief that a particular race or ethnicity is inferior or superior to others. Racial discrimination involves any act where a person is treated unfairly or vilified because of their race, color, descent, national or ethnic origin. We will write a custom essay sample on Racial Discrimination or any similar topic only for you Order Now Racism may take the form of stereotyping, name calling or insults, commentary in the media, speeches at public assemblies and abuse on the internet. It can include directly or indirectly excluding people from accessing services, employment, education or sporting activities. Racism can occur systemically, as the result of policies, conditions and practices that affect a broad group of people. For example, research shows that systemic racism can result in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students experiencing poorer outcomes in education, or job applicants without Anglo-Saxon names finding it difficult to gain job interviews. Just as other forms of discrimination may relate to a number of attributes, so does the experience of racism. For example, racism may compound the experience of discrimination of a woman, who is treated less favorably on the basis of her religion and her gender, or an older person, who is discriminated against on the basis of their skin color and their age. In its most serious manifestation, racism is demonstrated in behaviors and activities that embody race hate, abuse and violence – particularly experienced by groups who are visibly different because of their cultural or religious dress, their skin color or their physical appearance. Ultimately, racism is a tool to gain and maintain power. It is also inextricably linked with socio-economic factors, and frequently reflects underlying inequalities in a society. The impact or racism is becoming a major problem in our society today. Racism is a system in which a group of people practice violent acts and power over others on the foundation of their skin color and racial inheritance. Despite the consequences of who discriminates, why is it done and how it is practiced and defended, what has remained true is that racism promotes power, recognition, advantages, and opportunity for some people at the expense of others. Most people today have experienced racism in their lives. They may experience it while they are at school, in the neighborhood, shopping in the mall, dining in a restaurant, and at work. Racism takes place anywhere and everywhere. Racism may even change the way an individual may feel about themselves and marks a deep scar in their life and may take a while to heal. There are three types of racism in the workplace. First type of racism in the workplace is racial discrimination. Second type is color discrimination, and lastly the discrimination of language. The first type of racism in the workplace is racial discrimination. Racial discrimination is present when people are treated in a different way than others who are equally situated because they are part of a particular race and unchangeable characteristics, such as physical features, native to their race. In employment it can happen when employees are treated differently than other employees equally situated because of their interracial dating or marriages, culturally oriented expression of attitudes and beliefs, and members in racially oriented groups. An example of race discrimination is when you didn’t get a job because you were told you wouldn’t fit in to the workplace because of your race, you’ve been rejected service or treated incorrectly in a shop or hotel, or you’ve been separated out for filthy jobs because of your race. The next type of racism in workplace is color discrimination. Color discrimination is present when individuals are treated differently than others who are equally situated because of the color of their skin. This is a separately identifiable type of discrimination that can also occur in conjunction with race discrimination. Color discrimination can also occur in the absence of race discrimination when members of the same race are treated differently because of their skin color. An example that relates to color discrimination in the workplace is the employer does not hire anyone darker but hires light-skinned or white persons of all races. Final type of racism in workplace is language discrimination. Language discrimination means treating someone in a different way only because of his or her native language or further characteristics of speech. An example of language discrimination on the job is when an employee may be subjected to language discrimination if the workplace has speak-English-only rule, especially if her primary language is not English. An employee may also be the victim of language discrimination if she is treated less favorably than other employees because she speaks English with an accent, or if she is told she does not qualify for a position because she does not speak English well enough. But language discrimination doesn’t only happen on the job, a person may be denied access to businesses or government services because he or she does not speak English. Racial discrimination is everywhere. In the Philippines, we can say that racial discrimination is evident, especially to those who belong to a tribal minority or ethnic groups. Even the media manifested racism, most of the advertisement that can be seen in the television could let us think about racism. Like for example, the commercial about a whitening soap or lotion, they used image models have dark complexion skin. And in order to promote the effectiveness of their products they have to show that their models are whitened by their products. So meaning having dark skin is not good to look at. Though it is just an advertisement but still it could be another form of racial discrimination among dark people. But not only those advertisements in television, but even also some of our local â€Å"teleserye† or â€Å"telenobela†. In that, I can say that racism is prevalent in the Philippines. Racial discrimination of Filipinos doesn’t exist only within the country but also to other countries. Why do most people from Western and other rich countries discriminate Filipinos? And why do they usually think of us as Gold diggers and stuff? How inferior it is to hear that thing if you were in our part either it is not easy to take that in your part knowing that people around the world describes Filipino as a Domestic Helpers. In the  Philippine  history, Spanish colony has made a big  change  in the country and has made contributed positive things and negative things. The friars (Spanish friars of the past settling in the  Philippines) is putting into the minds of the  students  and of the people that they are the Superiors since they are white and the Indios (Filipino’s of before) are brown. In that thing you can already see that there is racial discrimination. One positive thing I can give upon their (the Spanish)  contribution  to the  Philippines  is Christianity in the land. This has been the greatest thing Filipino’s at this present is proud of and has made most us religious, God-fearing, prayerful and these things but in the other hand on the negative side, Spanish made us traumatize on the things they have done like being innocent, and idiots. They kept on punishing the people of before if they won’t pay their debts. In fact, we Filipino’s are the real owner of this land and there is no need for us to be demanded on the debts rather it’s in our whim to  demand  those things from them since they were foreign in the land. But look at what they did, because of power with so much guns, good swords and equipped soldiers, they controlled the land and called the Filipino’s as squatters. Now at the present times, the effects of those traumas have occurred from the cause. We ought to be blameless if we can’t improve our economy that well, but time will come we will prosper since we have a kind of land that is much fertile and with lots of resources to cater the world. People would think we are poor, yes we are poor. Eventually, we are poor in terms of economy that is why most of us go to other lands just to be slaves and we don’t care for as long as we can feed our families after those wages and labors being given. Though the world describes Filipina’s as DH or Domestic Helpers but in our land we call them as Heroes- heroes of our family. If you get to know our culture, I know you would understand everything why we come into certain things. For as long as we live happily, that’s all it takes. The talks of the people won’t stumble us down in fact we become stronger and stronger every day. It doesn’t mean we hate people the way they see us, well it’s normal and it’s there will and choice to hate us. We can’t stop them from it, but all I can say is that, respect is what we ask for. Respect us as humans and as a person. We cannot really avoid such discrimination, so many laws now implemented about anti-racial discrimination but still it is always there. Racism existed throughout human history. In the Philippines, last November 2011 the senate passed a bill that would prohibit and penalize racial discrimination in the workplace, educational institutions, and services. Senate Bill 2814 also known as the Anti-Discrimination Act of 2011, according to its sponsor Sen. Loren Legarda, would provide a lasting and effective solution to discrimination in the country. Legarda said that based on the 20th Periodic report submitted by the government to the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) in 2008, the Philippines does not formally recognize the existence of racial discrimination in the country. She quoted the country’s official stand in the report as saying â€Å"racial discrimination is alien to the prevailing mores and culture of the Filipino People† and that â€Å"racial discrimination has never officially or factually existed in the Philippines, neither in a systemic nor formal nor intermittent nor isolated manner† because â€Å"Filipinos have essentially the same racial and ethnic origins. † Legarda said the government has to formally recognize the existence of racial discrimination in the country. The bill stipulates penalties on acts of racial discrimination in employment, education, delivery of goods, facilities and services, accommodation, transportation, media, and in search and investigatory activities. Persons who â€Å"request, induce, encourage and authorize or assist others to commit acts of discrimination or profiling† would also be held liable. We need to acknowledge that discrimination exists before we can eliminate it for we cannot eradicate something that is considered a ghost by others. We must strive to transform our society into an open-minded and sensitive community where no child is subjected to name-calling because of his distinct looks; we must build a nation where each individual’s beliefs and principles are respected and everyone is given equal opportunity to achieve his full potential as a person and as a Filipino citizen. Sources: http://www. senate. gov. ph/press_release/2011/0511_legarda2. asp http://www. philstar. com/Article. aspx? articleId=751133;publicationSubCategoryId=63 http://socyberty. com/ethnicity/racial-discrimination/#ixzz27l5k6GU6 How to cite Racial Discrimination, Essay examples

Law and Justice in Ancient Societies

In the ancient world, law and justice was used to maintain peace and harmony between people living in different societies. These laws were used to judge citizens of territories where ancient empires had acquired authority to administer as the dominant source of government.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Law and Justice in Ancient Societies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ancient laws and justice systems were influenced by religious doctrines, where the elite were given more protection compared to common citizens. In these societies laws were used to protect interests of the elite from any form of violation by people from lower classes. This paper will discuss how law and justice was applied in ancient societies by analyzing the Twelve Tables in Ancient Rome and The Laws of Hammurabi in Ancient Babylon. Twelve Tables The Twelve Tables in Ancient Rome served as the foundation of Roman law and was formed to govern how the Roman Republic was ruled. They were influenced by unwritten customary laws which were observed by Roman citizens in different parts of the empire. Before the formation of these laws, there were a lot of class struggles between aristocrats and working class citizens of the empire. In essence, the Twelve Tables were a set of rules that were used to govern Roman citizens by the empire’s rulers. The structure adopted for these laws was similar to ancient Greek laws even though they were written in Latin. They were publicly displayed for all Roman citizens to read and understand. They conferred different penalties depending on the nature of the offence committed, severity and the social status of the offender.Advertising Looking for essay on ancient history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Twelve Tables were used by magistrates, who formed part of the privileged class to enforce law and order in the empire. They consisted of statutes that set norms and practices all citizens in the empire were required to observe. Significance of Each Table They are widely regarded as the foundation of modern law because they sought to address various legal and justice issues in ancient Rome. The first table enforced the supreme authority of the court. Any person summoned had to appear before the magistrate and if he failed, he would be brought to court by force. It also stipulated that an accused person court had a right to an advocate with a similar social status. Therefore, conflicting parties were required to present their issues in a trial, where a judge would administer a final ruling. The second table outlined penalties for various offences committed by Roman citizens. A free citizen found guilty of theft was flogged and ordered to repay stolen items to the owner while a slave found guilty of theft was sentenced to death by getting thrown off a cliff. The third table dealt with fraud and required th at a person accused of engaging in fraudulent acts pay double the amount he had taken to compensate the aggrieved party. This had to be repaid within thirty days, failure to which the guilty party was required to perform free hard labor for sixty days or become a slave.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Law and Justice in Ancient Societies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The fourth table mandated that a father had the right to sell his own children as slaves. If a father sold a child more than three times, he was considered a free citizen who was no longer under his father’s authority. The law also stipulated that fathers had a right to kill their deformed children after birth. The fourth law demonstrates how fathers were given absolute powers over their families. The fifth table gave men the power of guardianship over females irrespective of their age. During marriage, a woman and her guardian had to agre e before any dowry payments were made. The law also recognized the legality of a will left by a deceased person and any division of possessions left by the deceased had to be done in accordance to his will. The sixth table required that a formal agreement between a seller and a buyer be recorded before any commercial land transaction was done. The agreement between parties involved was legally binding and they were all supposed to respect it. A woman was given rights of ownership over her husband’s property if she had proof that they had stayed together for more than one year. This law also required men to show valid reasons that made them divorce their wives before their wishes could be granted. Table seven outlined property planning laws which all citizens were required to observe during construction of their buildings. The law mandated that a property owner had to build his building several feet apart from the next building taking into consideration roads that were used fo r passage.Advertising Looking for essay on ancient history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Boundary disputes between two property owners were arbitrated by a praetor who determined where the true boundary lay after reviewing issues raised by parties involved. Table eight prohibited citizens from writing libelous statements and any person found guilty of writing these statements was sentenced to death by clubbing. A thief found guilty of stealing another person’s property at night was sentenced to death. The law also banned citizens from holding seditious meetings at night. The ninth table mandated that all statutes applied to all Roman citizens equally irrespective of their status. Judges who were found guilty of receiving bribes and other favors were condemned to death. The tenth table outlawed all funeral ceremonies within walls of the city. The law also valued the importance of oath taking by citizens because the act showed a strong sense of duty to the empire. Table eleven mandated that crucial laws in the empire could only be adopted after all citizens had app roved them through voting. This law also upheld that senators were not allowed to get married to common citizens. The twelfth table prohibited any form of sacred rituals being done in a property that had ownership disputes. The law also assigned responsibility to the owner of a slave who damaged the property of a fellow Roman citizen. The twelve tables were comprehensive because they addressed all legal and justice issues that were deemed important by Roman citizens. They were obtained from common customary law and touched on civil issues, public affairs, religious matters and property laws. Hammurabi’s Laws The Code of Hammurabi was used in ancient Babylon during Hammurabi’s reign as king from 1792 to 1750. Hammurabi was motivated to codify more than 280 laws which were used to govern the territory that was under his authority. These laws were borrowed from ancient Mesopotamian customs and they were used to maintain law and order in the area. Hammurabi had a vision of uniting all city-states that were under his domain and to achieve his goal, he used a set of laws to unify all people in different city states in the empire. The preamble to these laws outlines the importance of a just society that does not have wicked people to ensure the weak are adequately protected. Hammurabi’s laws were used to regulate different activities in Babylon and they made all citizens understand their legal obligations in the empire. Some of the laws contained in the code served brutal punishments to offenders. They were used to deter Hammurabi’s subjects from engaging in any acts that were either deemed immoral or illegal. Hammurabi’s laws conferred harsh sentences both to the elite and common folk, though slaves that broke the law received more severe penalties because they were considered inferior beings. For instance people who were found guilty of robbing fellow citizens were sentenced to death. The code also had a law that punished children who fought with their fathers. A child who was accused of beating up his father had his hands chopped off for disobedience. A slave who was found guilty of speaking disrespectfully to his master was punished by having one ear chopped off. Hammurabi’s laws were harsher compared to the twelve Roman laws. However, both sets of laws were heavily influenced by cultural customs and penalties administered were influenced by the social status of an offender. Hammurabi laws were vindictive and they were used to carry out vengeance against persons found guilty of various offences. Babylon and other ancient societies equaled the concept of vengeance with justice. Slaves were not given adequate protection and any person who was found sheltering a runaway slave was sentenced to death. Freemen were prohibited from encouraging slaves to disobey or escape from their owners’ homes and any person found guilty of this crime was sentenced to death. The law also set clear responsibilities which property owners were supposed to adhere to during construction. The law also stipulated that a man who rents land from another man for farming bears all liabilities sustained by his crops before harvest. Therefore, the owner of the land is not required to compensate the tenant if his crops get destroyed by bad weather. The law also set clear issues that deal with marriage, women’s rights and divorce. The code stipulated that men who abandoned their wives could not claim their rights as husbands after their wives had been courted by other men. It also mandated that a wife accused of being unfaithful or disrespectful to her husband will be made to go back to her father’s house. It also imposed stiff penalties on women that were openly found to be unfaithful to their husbands. They were sentenced to death by drowning. Hammurabi’s laws imposed stiff penalties depending on the status of the person accused of committing a particular crime. They were influenced greatly by religious beliefs in ancient Babylon. Conclusion In conclusion, the two sets of laws administered different forms of punishments to people who had been accused of violating them. The twelve tablets allowed accused persons the right to have an advocate during trial to enable them prove their innocence. Hammurabi’s laws were more vindictive and they were used to make ancient Babylonians submit to the authority of their king. Religion and traditional customary practices influenced the formation and application of these laws in the two ancient empires. This essay on Law and Justice in Ancient Societies was written and submitted by user Cap'nOz to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Culture and Equity related to African American Studies

Culture and Equity related to African American Studies Free Online Research Papers In this essay I am going to analyze one cross cultural historical scenario of discrimination that has happened in the United States. I am then going to analyze a historical scenario that was in the memoir To My Children’s Children written Sindiwe Magona. I will also include an analysis on a contemporary scenario of discrimination in the United States in regards to gender. I will propose a personal strategy and institutional strategy that would contribute to greater equity and social justice in the United States and South Africa. Lastly, I will conclude with my final thoughts on equity and social justice. The United States and South Africa has dealt with many issues of cross cultural discrimination, inequity, and social injustice throughout history. Even today there are still issues of discrimination within both countries. Whether or not these issues will come to an end is still unknown, however we can look at the past and begin to realize the mistakes that we have made and make a start towards fixing them. I believe that most of this can be done through social awareness and by having an active voice in the community. One significant event in United States history that deals with these issues is the court case of Brown versus Board of Education in Topeka Kansas in 1954. What they found was that segregation violates the 14th Amendment which states that â€Å"All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge th e privileges or immunities of citizens of the United Sates; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws† (Fourteenth Amendment, 1868). This court case was not just about children in the school system it aimed at changing the way colored people were being treated. This U.S. event is similar to what happened in the South Africa during this same period. Segregation was also taking place where Sindiwe Magona was residing. The same kinds of situations were taking place as students were also segregated from schools based on their skin color. â€Å"The sound of a band playing chintzy music, any day, any time, made this, yet another â€Å"whites-only† piece of South Africa, the more tantalizing, the more remote (Magona, 1998)†. In South Africa the segregation of black and white’s was so intense that there were certain places that blacks could not enter because they were only for whites only. Even presently in the United States there are still forms of discrimination happening. One example that is still happening in the United States is the discrimination of women in the workforce. One of the biggest factors that is happening with that is the way that women are being underpaid especially compared to men. The International Decade on Women, stated that â€Å"Women do seventy five percent of the world’s work; they earn ten percent of the world’s wages and own one percent of the world’s property (Kirk, 2006)†. It seems that most of women’s’ work is unpaid and therefore is considered unproductive. Not only this, but even the women that do work are extremely underpaid and over-represented in low paying jobs. However, there are ways in which we can make a difference for those that are suffering from discrimination in the United States and South Africa. One way is by having an active voice and promoting awareness. One personal way that I can do this is to set up a MySpace page in regards to this issue. Since MySpace is a popular website and is viewed my so many people in this generation it is a great way to get people more aware. I would do this by making a page that is aimed at promoting awareness by talking about what is happening in both South Africa and the United States in regards to discrimination. Another way is to set a website focused specifically on these two issues. There could also be links to programs in which others can be involved in. The internet is such a great way to be able to get involved and help get people involved. An institutional strategy for the United States and South Africa could deal with education and allowing people to get an understanding of the issues and interact with each other to find ways to stop them from occurring. An educational program focused on discrimination and the many forms of it would make a huge difference. The next generation can take what they learn in these classes and apply to the world around them. I personally feel that if people were aware of how mistreated they were then they would be able to change it. Personally, I never knew of how underpaid and mistreated women were until I took a Womens Issues class in the spring of 2008. In this course, I learned of the ways in which women were being treated in society. If other women had this knowledge then they too would want to make a difference and change the way in which they were being treated in the society. I believe that this would be an effective institutional strategy that the United States and South Africa c ould undertake. References Cottrol, R, Diamond, R (2003). Brown V. Board of Education: caste, culture, and the constitution.Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. DiTomaso, N, Post, C (2004). Diversity in the Workforce.Amsterdam, Boston: Elservier. Kirk, G, Okazawa-Rey, M (2006). Womens Lives: Multicultural Perspectives.New York, NY: McGraw-Hills Co.. Magona, Sindiwe (1998). To My Children’s Children. South Africa: David Philip Publishers (Pty) Ltd. Research Papers on Culture and Equity related to African American Studies19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoPETSTEL analysis of IndiaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NicePersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyBringing Democracy to AfricaCapital PunishmentHip-Hop is Art

5 Ways to Tell if Your Company Cares About Work Life Balance

5 Ways to Tell if Your Company Cares About Work Life Balance We all know that to get where we want to be, certain sacrifices are required–especially when we are starting out and getting the engine going in our career. That means late nights, extra hours, and constantly going above and beyond as a matter of expectation. Still, you can be willing to do all of this extra labor with a smile on your face and still want the possibility of a week of working remotely in the summer, or an afternoon off to see your kid’s recital.So when you’re going for the job, here are 5 ways of finding out (without alerting the hiring manager) whether your potential new company prioritizes work life balance.1. Reverse the reference checkThey’re going to be checking up on you, after all. That’s de rigueur.So why not check up on them? Sift through your online network and see if you know anyone (or anyone who knows anyone) who used to work for that company and might be willing to chat with you. Avoid asking them to answer any of your q uestions in writing, but do ask them to be candid. Ask about the culture, the flexibility, the diversity, and what they would have changed if they had the chance.2. Stake it outTry and schedule your interview for super early or late in the day. If it’s 7 a.m. or 7 p.m. and the office is crammed despite being advertised as a 9-5 job, then you have your answer. Not a lot of family dinners appear to be happening. Then, be sure to look for signs of life outside of work: family photos, vacation memorabilia, etc. If you don’t get past the lobby or the boardroom, ask for an office tour. Evidence that families and outside interests are prized in the office is a very good sign.3. Social media stalkingNot the creepy kind, just the quick search. Try to get a sense of different tiers of employees, from executives to interns. Are people complaining? Working all the time? Taking vacations? Do they have families? What sort of press has been generated by the company or its employees?4 . Do your homeworkRead up on other companies also, to get a sense of work-life balance policies in your industry. Try Maybrooks, Glassdoor, or Fairygodboss for starters. If you don’t get this job, or decide you don’t want this job, then you’ll have a good idea of companies you might try next.5. Ask around itDirect questions can raise suspicions about your work ethic or intentions. Save them for after you receive the offer and are negotiating with HR. And, in the interview process, ask questions that might get the answers you want without tipping your hand–questions like what they love about the company that has nothing to do with their direct work, or the type of person who does best in that environment, or even just asking them to describe the company culture. Pay attention to what they’re saying- and what they aren’t saying.If you keep your wits about you, it is possible to glean quite a bit about a company’s particular work-life ba lance- all without damaging your chances of getting the job.

Essay on Down Syndrome Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

On Down Syndrome - Essay Example The intellectual disability causes an individual to lag behind in his development of communication skills, social abilities and even his ability to take care of his own self in a proper manner. Teaching and support services for the individuals with intellectual disabilities is designed in a completely different manner and is targeted to meet their learning and problem solving requirements. Creative and interactive teaching ideas should be implemented in order to obtain maximum results. Visual, audio and interactive lesson methods should be applied and the difficult ideas and problems should be made comprehensive for the learners. American Association of Intellectual and Development Disabilities are directed towards support services and development support for such individuals (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints 2012). Fig 1: An image of a Down Syndrome Child accompanied by teaching services personnel (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints 2012). Down syndrome i s defined as a condition caused by a genetic defect which results in both physical and intellectual limitations in the affected individual. The normal number of chromosomes in an individual is 46 but in a Down syndrome individual the chromosome number is 47 instead (National Association for Down Syndrome 2012). It is considered as one of the most common syndromes present at birth called as congenital syndromes. One in every 700 births is estimated to be a child with Down syndrome. It has been observed that the possibility of developing Down syndrome increases as the maternal age increases at the time of conception. After the age of 35, the risk of Down syndrome in the child increase by many folds (Selikowitz 2008). The prevalence of Down syndrome in United States was estimated to be one in every 733 births by Centers of Disease Control and Prevention in the year 2010. Around 60,000 cases are diagnosed with Down syndrome annually (National Down Syndrome Society 2012). According to a study in the year 2007 carried out among 63000 babies in UAE, an approximate incidence of one Down syndrome case for every 449 new born babies was estimated. The study also highlighted the maternal age risk factor and showed that around 41 % of the UAE mothers had crossed the age of 35. This also showed that maternal age is a major etiological factor (Shaheen 2012). Fig 2: A representation of prevalence of Down Syndrome in the years 1979 – 2003 per 10,000 live births in United State (CDC.gov. 2011). Down syndrome presents in the individuals with a large range of variations in its characteristics and features. As discussed earlier, it is a chromosomal defect; hence every cell of the body’s each system is defective. Hence almost every system manifests with problems and pathologies. Around 120 different features for this syndrome have been described up till now but some children might manifest with only six or seven characteristic features. The characteristic features des cribing Down syndrome are visible in eyes, head and face. A Down syndrome individual has round face with a flat side profile, with brachycephaly (Flattened back of head). The eyes are slanted, small epicanthic folds which might give a false manifestation of squint or strabismus and the iris might show whitish spots called Brushfield spots. The neck of the young child has greater fat content at the back which is diminished with age and an adult individual will have a broader and smaller neck. Hands are shorter with usually

Auditing of Smackey Dog Foods, Inc Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Auditing of Smackey Dog Foods, Inc - Term Paper Example The paper tells that U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has an influence in setting the GAAP principles, i.e. ‘Generally Accepted Accounting Principles’ and thus can have a substantial impact over the auditing process to be taken into consideration while reviewing the financial disclosures of Smackey Dog Foods, Inc. From an overall point of view, it plays a vital role in assisting the auditing process involving the financial statements of Smackey Dog Foods, Inc by specifying and reporting requirements necessary for the fair disclosure of accounting. Hence, SEC can assist Smackey Dog Foods, Inc by maintaining orderly, fair & efficient markets and also help in the process of capital formation. SEC can also help Smackey Dog Foods, Inc plan its future expansion and growth strategies ensuring sufficient return to the investors and stakeholders as well. In addition, SEC assists the investors in decision-making and the auditors by generating awareness regarding the v arious legal treatments to be noted while executing the auditing process to ensure a just accounting disclosure which can have certain direct implications on the audit in Smackey Dog Foods, Inc. The essential activities involved in the initial planning of an audit entail certain steps. The first step is the deciding part where the auditor decides whether to serve the new client. Notably, considering the fact that this decision should be taken at an early stage before any significant cost is incurred, Keller CPA will focus on the current situation faced by Smackey Dog Foods Inc. Identification of the need of audit in any organization is also a part of initial planning. To avoid misunderstanding, the audit engagement process will be discussed with the client. With this regards, Keller CPA had sent his staffers, Ben and Maureen, to Smackey Dog Foods Inc. for the audit engagement. The auditor requires independence to perform his work taking into account that there should be no managemen t integrity issues in the organization (American Institute of CPAs, 2012). Question 3: Discuss The 4 Stages Of The Audit and The Major Activities Performed By The Auditor In Each Phase. Give An Example of How Each of these Specifically Applies to the Smackey Dog Food, Inc Audit. For Instance, Examine The Apparent Internal Control Weaknesses and Possible Negative Outcome of Each. The four stages of the audit are Preliminary review, Audit Report, Fieldwork, and Planning. In the planning phase the research and data gathering is done for the audit process. The research and data may contain the prior audit files, board policies, financial reports, administrative regulations, shared audit programs, internet sites and job descriptions among others. A meeting is fixed to introduce what may occur in the audit, the internal auditor meets the desired person from the department to identify the issues, and special areas of concern. Preliminary Review: In the preliminary review the existing contr ol composition will be assessed and evaluated to make the necessary variations in the audit scope draft, program, and questionnaires. Keller CPA will also review the internal control formation of the department by using different kinds of tools and methods to gather and evaluate data about the operation. This will help to ensure about the areas of high risk and to design a program to work in the fieldwork stage. Fieldwork: In this phase auditor will perform transactions and logical reviews, and further relevant information required for the audit. The internal controls of Smackey Dog Foods Inc. are to be recognized during the preliminary review which is being operated and is being determined by Keller CPA. The audit program is to be reviewed to ensure that procedures described within are appropriate

Pro Euthanasia in Steinbecks Of Mice and Men Essay -- essays research

The Ultimate Gift-Euthanasia Prompt: Defend or challenge the notion that George's act of killing Lennie was one of kindness In John Steinbeck's classic novella, Of Mice and Men, George makes the decision of killing Lennie because he knows it is in Lennie's best interest. His act of killing Lennie is not considered criminal. George has good intentions in killing his companion. George is trying to prevent Lennie from being tortured and from his constant desire to please George and not cause trouble. Additionally, Lennie repeatedly places himself in difficult situations, and as a result, brings George into the circumstances. There is a close friendship between George and Lennie, and George had carefully thought out whether or not he should destroy his life. George is faced with witnessing the death of Candy's beloved, old dog and Candy's reaction to his death, which helps George to finalize his resolution. After several years of looking after Lennie, George knows what is best for Lennie, as well as the people around him. George?s act of shooting Lennie can be looked upon as gracious. If Lennie had not left the world and his problems, a large amount of torture would fiercely come his way. The bloodthirsty mob, including the violent, disruptive Curley, has the mindset to demolish this ignoramus who killed Curley?s wife. Because of Lennie?s mental impairment and immaturity, he would not be able to handle such animosity. In saying that Lennie is not to blame for the death of Curley?s Wife, Lennie should not have to face the merciless people at the farm. George knows that Lennie is unable to survive in the world. As disappointing as it is for George to know that he and Lennie will never be able to fulfill their everlasting ... ... sheep dog and Lennie is an exceptional worker. Both Lennie and the dog are shot with Carlson?s gun at the back of their head. Carlson reasons with Candy in explaining that if he shot him in that location it would be painless. In knowing that Lennie was shot in the back of the head, George intentionally did this for him to have a more peaceful, pleasant death. By examining George?s notion to kill Lennie, it is valid to say that his act was one of thoughtfulness and benevolence. Due to Lennie?s retardation, it is difficult for him to be independent. Lennie is able to escape being tortured, taken advantage of, and being so hard on himself just for George?s acceptance. George learns from Candy?s mistake of not killing his dog himself, and George takes the initiative to do it the right way. Euthanasia was a gracious way of George letting Lennie go.

Bharatnatyam

Introduction to Semiotics Bharatanatyam A journey from temples to the proscenium An introduction Bharatanatyam is a Sanskrit word, which means the dance of Bharata (India). True to its name, it is one of the oldest and most popular dance forms of India. It originated in the temples of Southern India and was later codified and documented as a performing art by the Tanjore Quartet. It is now the most popular Indian classical dance and is appreciated worldwide. Bharatanatyam is a language in itself. Like Sanskrit language, bharatanatyam follows strict rules and is technically sound. The grammar of the steps is followed rigorously. It is danced to Carnatic music and the mathematical precision of the dance equals the Carnatic music measure of measure. The three significant ingredients of bharatanatyam are: bhava (emotion), raga (music) and taal (rhythm); governed by Bharata muni’s Natya Shastra and Nandikeshwar’s Abhinaya Darpana. Hence, the interpretation BHAva +  RAga (music) +  TAla+  NATYAM(dance) =  Bharatanatyam. The technique and presentation â€Å"Bharatanatyam in its highest moment, is the embodiment of music in a visual form† -Balasaraswati The three major attributes of a Bharatanatyam performance are Nritta (technique), Nritya and Natya (drama). Nritta is pure dance. It is the movement of hands and feet on the rhythm and speed. It is a collage of rhythmic lines, forms and shapes. The movements, mudras or gestures do not signify anything. Then why nritta? Indian music and dance forms are based on the concept of cyclic rhythm or taal. Various musical patterns are woven with the musical notes and rhythmic patterns which can be beautifully executed through nritta. Nritya is interpretative dance. It is used to exhibit the underlying meaning of the song and the emotion attached with it. It is a combination of nritta and abhinaya or expressions. The meaning of the song is expressed systematic gesture language and facial expressions. Natya is equivalent to dance-drama. It is a language of gestures, poses, dialogues and mime. It depicts a story usually from the Indian mythology like Ramayan or Mahabharata. Here, the emphasis is majorly on abhinaya or expression rather than the rhythmic movements. The Abinaya is divided as: Angikabhinaya:  Expression through the limbs and body like the Head, Hands, and Legs. Vachikabhinaya:  Expression through narrations and voice. Aharyabhinaya:  Expression through dress, ornaments and other aids. Satvikabhinaya: Mental expression of feeling and emotion by facial expression and use of eyes. Bharatanatyam: The Journey The journey of bharatnatyam from the temples of south India to the proscenium of the world is a very exciting one. Dasi-attam (Origin and decline) Bharatnatyam as a very ancient and traditional art form has been associated with the temples of South India. It is believed that Bharatnatyam used to be known as the â€Å"temple dance†. Bharatnatyam was also known as the dasi-attam (dance performed by the dasis – the servants of God) or the sadir-attam (court dance). It was choreographed to be performed solo by the devadasis in the temples as an offering to the deities. These women, called devadasis, are said to have devoted their lives to God. They were considered to be united with the Gods. Infact, they were considered so close to the gods and so pure, that a pearl form their necklace was considered auspicious for the mangalsutra of a woman. They performed useful functions at temples like cleaning, lighting lamps, dressing the deities etc. They also sang devotional songs and danced in devotion to the deities. Apart from this, they taught music and dance to young girls. These devadasis were accomplished artistes who could play many musical instruments. They were well versed in Sanskrit and other languages, which helped them to interpret the compositions that they would perform. They were instrumental in developing a tradition of classical music and dance in South India. The devadasis were celibate and were not allowed to have a family as they were considered to be married to the Gods. Therefore, initially most of the dances in Bharatnatyam were choreographed to be in praise of God. Many padams (narrative pieces) depicted the love story of a nayak (hero) and a nayika (heroine). In most cases, the nayak was in the form of Lord Krishna, or Shiva or any other mythological hero. While Shiva was said to be serious, Krishna was full of pathos and love. Thus, the choreographies mainly concentrated on Sringara rasa (love). Gradually the devadasi system started getting plagued with several notorious ills. Around this time, it was customary for the Indian people hailing from royal or aristocratic families to invite a devadasi to a celebration, to sing and dance and perform. The best dancers were invited to the royal courts to perform, in return which they were provided with a shelter. In this period, the position of the devadasis could be compared to that of an apsara (celestial nymph) who danced in the courts of the Gods in order to please them. Eventually, the rich men and the aristocrats attracted the devadasis with good money and luxurious lifestyles and lured them into being their mistresses. The devadasis were easily enticed to the kind of lifestyle offered to them. Thus, the sringara rasa in their choreographies converted into eroticism and they danced merely to appease the rich men. As consequence of which, these devadasis who were held at par with the temple priests lost their respect in the society. By this time, the Europeans had arrived to India. Their advent was like addition of fuel to the fire of the already deteriorating dance form. The Europeans ridiculed this entire system of dancing to please the lords and considered this to be no better than prostitution. Under the British rule, propaganda prevailed to against Indian art, misinterpreting it as crude and immoral. Also other factors like loss of patronage due to the unstable political conditions, lack of recognition in the education system and lack of appreciation as compared to that given to ballet ; played a major role in the set back of the dance form. Due to the degenerated status of the devadasis, the Indian reformers started a movement against the devadasis. Thus the devadasi tradition was banned. The government started working with various non-governmental organizations to help reinstate these women into the society, as well as raise public awareness of the demeaning nature of their life work Thus, the devadasi tradition and with it the performing art (bharatanatyam) took a back seat in the history of Indian art and culture. Revival Against all odds, a few families preserved the knowledge of this dance form. These included individuals from varied backgrounds: Indian freedom fighters, Westerners interested in Indian arts, people outside the  devadasi  class who learnt Bharatanatyam, and  devadasis  themselves. The pioneers in reviving this art for are: E. Krishna Iyer, Rukmini Devi, Balasaraswati etc. Bharatanatyam now attracted young artists from respectable  Brahmin  families. Initially met with shock, their participation ultimately helped to shift public opinion in favor of reviving the art. An association of  devadasis  joined the effort to revive Bharatanatyam. Its ranks included an eventual teacher of Rukmini Devi’s, as well as the family of the legendary dancer Balasaraswati. Rukmini Devi’s debut performance in 1935 was a milestone. Her efforts won over much of the orthodox community of Madras. Her reforms of costume, stage setting, repertoire, introduction of dance drama,musical accompaniment, and thematic content, overcame the objections of conservatives that Bharatanatyam was vulgar. She went on to found the Kalakshetra institute, to which she attracted many great artists and musicians, with whom she trained generations of dancers. Balasaraswati promoted the traditional art of the  devadasis, maintaining that reforms were unnecessary and detracted from the art. Staying true to her  devadasi  lineage, she achieved great renown for her excellence. The renewed awareness of Bharatanatyam in Indian society allowed many nattuvanars  to resume their training activities, and many artists to enter the field of classical dance. Rukmini Devi’s desire to restore the full spiritual potential of the dance motivated reforms that led to what was known as the Kalakshetra style of Bharatanatyam. Bharatanatyam soon became the most widespread and popular of the Indian classical dance forms. It wasn’t long before it achieved international recognition as one of India’s treasures. Rukmini Devi versus Balasaraswati Differences in the similarity of trying to revive the Indian traditional art form The two towering figures that played a major role in the revival of das-attam as bharatantyam: Tanjore Balasaraswati and Rukmini Devi. Balasaraswati was affiliated with the school known as Tanjore court style while Rukmini devi was associated with a style that she developed at Kalakshetra. By focusing on these two dancers, we can throw light on the historical event of the upgradation of bharatanatyam. They were contemporaries. Balasaraswati gave her first performance in 1925 in a temple and Rukmini Devi gave her first performance in 1935 for the Theosophical Society’s anniversary celebration. Both performed Bharatanatyam regularly on concert stage and considered it a means of salvaging the endangered dance form. In the Indian dance world, both of them are legendary figures. Their names have become synonymous to classicism and traditionalism. Around both of them instructional communities have developed, which led to idea of development of various styles in Bharatnatyam. They led on to take Bharatnatyam on a whole new international level, in their own way. Despite the similarities and the oneness in the agenda of working for the up gradation of the lost dance form, the difference in their ideologies held them in opposition – which has affected the background of Bharatanatyam ever since. Rukmini Devi was a Brahmin who was married to an English Theosophist, George Arundale at the age of sixteen. She came in contact with the famous ballet dancer, Anna Pavlova who accepted her as a student. Pavlova later suggested Rukmini Devi to train in her ‘own dance from’. Following her advice, Rukmini Devi returned to Madras and trained under a traditional guru in the classical dance form, Bharatanatyam. She defied the orthodox custom that upper and middle class girls should not learn dance and set up Kalakshetra to train dancers from the upper and middle class families. The establishment of Kalakshetra played an important role in bringing Bharatanatyam from the temples to the concert stage. Balasaraswati on the other hand hailed from a family of devadasis. She was born in a lineage of women who were associated with the Tanjore music and dance since generations. Her mother and grandmother wanted her to become musician considering the social stigma linked to dance at that time but she decided to become a dancer against all odds. She gave her first performance, arangetram at the temple of Ammanakshi in Kanchipuram, marking the beginning of her legendary career. Rukmini Devi Rukmini Devi entered and Balasaraswati had carved their positions in the world of dance with a radically different perspectives. Rukmini Devi had a very clear goal of purifying the dance form. According to her, the dance form was precious but degraded because its reigns were in the hands of people with ‘ill repute’. She wanted to eradicate the stigma associated with it by passing it on to the hands of people from the upper or middle class. She thought that everything about Bharatnatyam needed to be purified so that it could regain its respectable position in the society. Also, she believed that the main reason for the degradation of this art form was the fact that sringara rasa (love) was the centre of the choreographies. The sringara rasa had led to the degeneration of the art form as introduced eroticism and sexuality in the art to the extent to make it vulgar. â€Å"To depict such things is unthinkable for me†, she said. She was not against the sringara rasa as such (she had performed love poems by jayadeva and kalidasa in her natya), but against the choreographies performed by the devadasi. The actions, mudras and movements included by them in their choreographies had become earthy from beautiful. She strived hard to replace the sringara rasa by bhakti rasa or ‘devotionalism’; devoid of any sexual referrant. Bhakti Rasa Rukmini Devi held Bharatnatyam as a national art form and worked towards its purification and propagating this art form in India and the rest of the world. She established the Kalakshetra – international school of performing arts, to fulfil her goals. Here, students from various upper and middle classes were trained in Bharatnataym and also some other dance forms. She also set up a theatre which gave a platform to her students and also to her innovations in the dance form. Thus, she made reforms to take Bharatnatyam to a whole new international level. Balasaraswati Balsaraswati on the other hand, was very proud of her mother, grandmother and her devadasi ancestors. She was very proud of the achievements of the devadasis in the world of Bharatnatyam. Unlike Devi, she fore grounded the South Indian nativity and stood by the Tamil roots associated with the dance form. She advocated preserving the tradition, and also keeping it in the hands of the  devadasi  community. Her argument was that the art would die if separated from the caste. She believed that Bharatnatyam was in its purest form and it required no modernization or reformation. At many occasions she reprobated efforts to purify the dance form saying. â€Å"Indeed the effort to purify bharatanatyam is like putting gloss on a burnished gold or painting a lotus†. This proves how high Balasaraswati’s respect and love for Bharatanatyam (in its existing form) was. She urged to adhere to the custom of Bharatnatyam being performed in temples and courts. She also urged taking Bharatnatyam on the concert stage. This gave a new dimension to the revival of the dance form. She also defended the maintenance of originality of the dance form, by supporting the long, solo performances being an important component of the dance form. She emphasized the importance of such elements in to context to maintain classicism, integrity and aestheticism of the dance form. She also believed that abiding by the Tanjore Quartet’s format was an important way of honouring the contributions of the court practitioners. Sringara Rasa Balasaraswati was particularly critical of the reformers who believed in transforming the sringara rasa of the form. She was quoted as saying, â€Å"Sringara is bhakti and bhakti is sringara†. She believed that there is an intricate relationship between the expression of love (sringara) and feeling of devotion (bhakti). She believed that sringara is the supreme emotion and that no other emotion could express so beautifully the mystic union of atma (soul) and the paramatma (The almighty). This rasa gives the dancer a wide scope of introducing artistic innovation from within herself. Balasarswati thus, believed that she was entrusted with the task of safeguarding the dance form by not allowing it to be modernized and easily accessible for corruption. In spite of all the discouragement faced from the world, she continued to protect the dance form, the purity and the originality of the dance form. A similarity in the differences In spite of all the difference and such radically opposite perspectives, both Rukmini Devi and Balasaraswati had the same agenda- of saving the dying dance form. They both strived in their own way to protect the dance form and to take it to a whole new level. Their efforts in bringing Bharatnatyam to the concert stage or proscenium against all the opposition and hurdles from the society are commendable. A choreographer should be thankful to the endeavours of these two torchbearers towards the revival of the Bharatnatyam. History was therefore selective. Rukmini Devi and Balasaraswati presented their understandings by emphasizing on some aspects and eschewing the others.

The Synthesis Of Aspirin ( Acetylsalicylic Acid )

Abstract This report presents the synthesis of Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), as the product of the reaction of salicylic acid with ethanoic anhydride under acidic conditions. Aspirin was purified through recrystallisation by vacuum filtration, followed by desiccation of the Aspirin crystal over silica gel. The percentage yield was calculated as 44.89% and a sample of Aspirin was analysed using infra-red spectroscopy and compared to the spectrum of pure Aspirin, this served as an introduction to the identification of functional groups in organic compounds. The melting point was calculated using an IA9000M apparatus and recorded to be 35.2 °C, which was slightly below the melting point of pure Aspirin; known to be between 138-140 °C. Both IR spectroscopy and melting point measurement were used verify the purity of synthetic Aspirin made, which proved to be fairly pure under these laboratory conditions. Key Words Salicylic acid Aspirin Felix Hoffman Ethanoic anhydride Infra-red spectroscopy Acetic acid Health and Safety Laboratory coat and safety spectacles were worn at all times. Ethanoyl anhydride and concentrated sulfuric acid are highly corrosive. Ethanol is flammable, salicylic acid is irritant to eyes and skin. Chemicals were handled in the fume cupboard. Plastic gloves were worn throughout the experiment. Introduction Medicinal records of the properties and use of bark willow extend back to ancient civilisations such as the Chinese and Egyptians. By 400BC whenShow MoreRelatedMicroscale Synthesis of Acetylsalicylic Acid1211 Words   |  5 PagesSynthesis of Aspirin Ling Tecson Gamido, Mitchiko Mariel M. Mizukami Abstract Acetylsalicylic acid, or also known as aspirin is known to be a drug that relives people of pain and is commonly used even today. It is synthesized from salicylic acid and ethanoic anhydride, both of small quantities. 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